1. Solid Sample (Succinic, tartaric, salicylic acid, glucose, sucrose, resorcinol)

1.1. Physical Character

• State of aggregation
• Appearance
• Color
• Smell

1.2. Preliminary tests

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Heat a small portion of the sample in a test tube	Charring takes place with a smell of burnt sugar. No charring but Melts with smell of burnt sugar Sublimes with melting	May be cane sugar tartaric acid May be glucose May be salicylic or succinic acid
Treat a small portion of the sample with conc. sulfuric acid and warm gently if necessary.	Charring takes place No charring but irritating fumes come out.	May be cane sugar tartaric acid glucose, succinic acid May be salicylic acid
Heat a small portion of the sample with sodalime in a test tube	A vapour evolves with the smell of carbolic acid	May be salicylic

1.3. Solubility test in water

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Shake a small portion of the sample with fresh water in a test tube	Soluble in cold water Soluble in hot water	May be cane sugar tartaric acid, glucose, succinic acid May be salicylic acid

1.4. Acidity of the sample

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Test a portion of the aqueous solution or suspension with Litmus paper solution of sodium bicarbonate	acidic to litmus effervescence Non acidic to litmus	May be tartaric or succinic or sali- cylic acid May be glucose or cane sugar

1.5. Preliminary conclusion

From the experiments of solubility and acidity it appears that the given sample is

• Tartaric acid, Succinic acid or Salicylic acid
• Glucose or cane sugar

1.6. Systematic analysis

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Treat the aq. solution of the sample with Denige’s reagent (5 gm HgO(yellow) + 20ml conc. sulfuric acid + 100 ml water, then boil cool and filter	No ppt. even at boiling condition. Treat with 3-4ml conc. potassium permanganate solution in its warm condition. Color of permanganate disappears Color of permanganate remains	May be ethanol or acetone May be methanol or glycerol Tartaric acid Succinic acid
Add calcium chloride or barium chloride solution to the solution of the sample and shake vigorously for a few minutes. Add few drops of freshly prepared ferric chloride solution to one part.	White precipitate Red brown ppt. soluble in water No precipitate	May be succinic or tartaric acid Succinic acid Tartaric acid
Slowly heat 1 ml of the aqueous solution of the sample with 1 ml of NaOH and 1 drop of chloroform in a test tube	A violet red color appears	Resorcinol
Add a few drops of ferric chloride solution of the sample	Intense violet color	Salicylic acid
Add Fehling’s solution to the aqueous solution of the compound and warm gently in the water bath	Red precipitate No red precipitate	Glucose Cane sugar

1.7. Confirmatory test

1.7.1. For Succinic acid

Experiment	Observation	Inference
To a small amount of the given compound add twice its bulk of resorcinol and few drops of conc. sulfuric acid. Heat slowly. The mixture is then poured into a large volume of water in a beaker.	An orange yellow solution. Add NaOH solution to it. It exhibits green fluorescence.	Succinic acid

1.7.2. For Tartaric acid

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Add silver nitrate solution gradually to the neutral solution of the sample till the precipitation is completed. Then add a very dil. solution of ammonium hydroxide drop wise to dissolve most of the ppt. Heat the test tube on a water bath. Add freshly prepared ferrous sulfate solution to the aq. solution of the sample Shake the mixture well with two drops of hydrogen peroxide and then add 2 ml of aq. NaOH solution (Fenton’s Test) Warm a small amount of the given compound with a pinch of beta naphthol and 5 drops of conc. sulfuric acid	Gray precipitate A violet color Green color. On dilution turns orange	Tartaric acid

1.7.3. For Salicylic acid

Gently heat a small amount of the compound with methanol and small amount of sulfuric acid Cool and pour it in water	Iodex like smell. (Oil of wintergreen)	Salicylic acid
Heat the solid compound with sodalime	Smell of carbolic acid	Salicylic acid

1.7.4. For Glucose

Heat the mixture of aq. solution of the sample with lead acetate and ammonium hydroxide for 1 minute.	The solution gets rose pink color	Glucose
Test with Fehling soln.	Orange red precipitate	Glucose
Test with Tollens reagent	Silver mirror appears	Glucose

1.7.5. For Case Sugar

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Test with Fehling soln.	No reaction	Cane Sugar
Test with Tollens reagent	No reaction
Warm a mixture of 2 ml of compound solution 2ml of HCl and a pinch of resorcinol on a water bath for 2 minutes.	A deep wine red color with ppt.In alcohol it gives a deep wine red solution.
Hydrolyze a small amount of the sample with 2-3 ml of dilute HCl on a water bath for a few minutes. Perform Fehling’s test Tollens test	Orange red ppt. Silver mirror

1.7.6. For resoncinol

Heat the mixture of aqueous solution of the sample slowly with 1 ml NaOH (aq.) and 1 drop of chloroform	A red solution turns into violet red on shaking. No fluorescence on dilution with water	Resorcinol
Heat 1 gm of sample with 0.5 g phthalic anhydride and 2 drops of conc. sulfuric acid in dry test tube Cool the whole mixture and dilute it with 10ml water. Add 25 to 30 ml of aq NaOH solution to make it alkaline	A red brown color of the solution A yellowish green fluorescence	Resorcinol

1.8. Conclusion

• Name of the given compound
• Structure of the given compound